Did Moses write the Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy?

Most Jews and Christians believe Moses received and wrote the entire Torah: five books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. In modern times, Biblical scholarship using textual criticism and other techniques has disputed this claim.        

The table below lists Biblical scholars and academics who dispute the "Moses' authorship" claim in favour of the JEDP Theory ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis') or similar model.

W Alexander_Geddes

Arthur Peake | 1929 AD

Arthur Samuel Peake (1865-1929) was an English biblical scholar, born in Leek, Staffordshire. Peake was educated at St John's College, Oxford. He was the first holder of the Rylands Chair of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis in the University of Manchester, from its establishment as an independent institution in 1904. Peake popularized modern biblical scholarship, including the new "higher criticism." He approached the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but a record of revelation written by fallible humans. W Arthur_Peake

Robertson Smith | 1894

William Robertson Smith (1846-1894) was a Scottish orientalist, Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. Smith is known for his book "Religion of the Semites", which is considered a foundational text in comparative studies of religion. His criticisms include the following: The Torah contains laws and history. It's history "does not profess to be written by Moses" as he himself is habitually spoken of in the third person. From internal evidence found in the Bible, Torah history was "written in the land of Canaan" after the death of Moses (c. 13th century BCE), probably as late as "the period of kings", perhaps [Torah was] written under Saul or under David (c.1010-970). Deuteronomy [xii-xxvi] laws are also demonstrated to date to a time long after Moses [318-320]. King Josiah (r.640-609) reforms are found written in the Deuteronomic code. His "Book of the Covenant" probably is none other than "the law of Deuteronomy, which, in its very form, appears to have once been a separate volume". W William_Robertson_Smith

Abraham Kuenen | 1891

Abraham Kuenen (1828-1891) was a Dutch Protestant theologian, the son of an apothecary. Kuenen was born in Haarlem. He was educated at the University of Leiden. He studied theology, and won his doctor's degree by an edition of 34 chapters of Genesis from the Arabic version of the Samaritan Pentateuch. In 1853 he became professor extraordinarius of theology at Leiden, and in 1855 full professor. Kunen was known throughout Europe and America as one of the greatest scholars of the century. He shared with Wellhausen ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis') acknowledged leadership in the field of Old Testament criticism. 2 W Abraham_Kuenen

Eduard Reuss | 1891

Eduard Reuss (1804-1891) was a Protestant theologian. From 1829 to 1834 he taught Biblical criticism and Oriental languages at the Strasbourg Theological School. In 1864, he became Professor of Old Testament. Reuss turned his attention to Old Testament criticism. His critical position was to some extent that of K. H. Graf and Julius Wellhausen. He was in a sense their forerunner, and was actually for a time Graf's teacher. W Édouard_Guillaume_Eugène_Reuss

Julius Wellhausen | 1883

Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) was a German biblical scholar and orientalist. In 1883, Julius Wellhausen published his JEDP Theory ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis'). Wellhausen's work proved very influential. He was able to correlate the development of the Torah with Israelite and Jewish history. Wellhausen's theory held the Torah was not a unified work from a single author (Moses) but instead was made up of multiple, independent texts written over many centuries by many different writers. Wellhausen set the chronological order of the independent sources as J, E, D and P with reference to the evolving religious history of Israel, which he saw as one of ever-increasing priestly power. W Julius_Wellhausen

Wilhelm Vatke | 1882

Wilhelm Vatke (1806-1882) was German Protestant theologian. He was appointed in 1837 professor extraordinarius. He was one of the founders of the newer Hexateuch criticism. Vatke issued his book, "Die Religion des Alten Testaments", which contained the seeds of a revolution for the Old Testament. In future, Vatke's ideas were associated with progressive Torah studies by the names of Abraham Kuenen and Julius Wellhausen. W Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Vatke

Karl Heinrich Graf | 1869

Karl Heinrich Graf (1815-1869) was a German Old Testament scholar and orientalist. He studied Biblical exegesis and oriental languages at the University of Strassburg under Édouard Reuss, and, after holding various teaching posts, was made instructor in French and Hebrew at the Landesschule of Meissen, receiving in 1852 the title of professor. Graf was one of the chief founders of Old Testament criticism. Graf taught the Torah we currently possess was largely the product of the weaving together of four independent texts: Jehovist, Elohist, Deuteronomy and Priestly ("JEDP Theory"). These different documents developed at different times during the history of Israel, and were eventually brought together to form our current Torah. 5 W Karl_Heinrich_Graf

Hermann Hupfeld | 1853

Hermann Hupfeld (1796-1866) was a Protestant German Orientalist and Biblical commentator. He is known for his historical-critical studies of the Old Testament. He was born at Marburg, where he studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817. In 1825, Hupfeld was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Marburg. There he received professorships of theology and Oriental languages. In 1853, Hupfeld on the JEDP Theory ("Gaff-Wellhausen"), suggested Elohist (E) was really two sources and should be split, thus isolating the Priestly (P) source. Hupfeld also emphasized the importance of the Redactor, or final editor, in producing the Torah from the four JEDP sources. W Hermann_Hupfeld

Heinrich Ewald | 1823

Heinrich Ewald (1803-1875) was a German orientalist, Protestant theologian, and Biblical exegete. He studied at the University of Göttingen. In 1827 he became extraordinary professor there, in 1831 ordinary professor of theology, and in 1835 professor of oriental languages. Ewald maintained the Elohistic (E) source was basic for the composition of the Torah. He suggested this work had been supplemented by the addition of older sections such as the Decalogue (D). Finally, a compilation of sources (Jehovistic or J) were placed in the basic Elohistic (E) document. In essence, Ewald was suggesting that at different periods, the [Torah] books underwent a revision each time new additions were incorporated. 6 W Heinrich_Ewald

Friedrich Bleek | 1822

Friedrich Bleek (1793-1859) was a German Biblical scholar. In 1822, he identified Joshua as a continuation of the Torah via Deuteronomy. Others had identified signs of the Deuteronomist in Judges, Samuel and Kings. W Friedrich_Bleek

Wilhelm de Wette | 1805

Wilhelm de Wette (1780-1849) was a German theologian and biblical scholar. In 1805, De Wette concluded that Deuteronomy represented a third independent source. Also,the Torah was composed after the time of David. In general, the Torah we possess was largely the product of weaving together four independent texts: Jehovist, Elohist, Deuteronomy and Priestly (JEDP Theory). These different documents developed at different times during the history of Israel, and were eventually brought together to form our current Torah. 5 W Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette

Alexander Geddes | 1800

Alexander Geddes (1737-1802) was a Scottish theologian and scholar. His translation of the "Satires of Horace" made him known as a scholar, but his liberalism led to his suspension. Geddes postulated that the Torah was put together in Solomon's era (990-931 BCE) from a number of fragments, some of which existed before the time of Moses.

Johann Gottfried Eichhorn | 1780

Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752-1827) was a German Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment and an early orientalist. In 1775 he was made professor of Oriental languages at the Faculty of Theology at Jena University. During his professorship in Jena he wrote his seminal Introduction to the Old Testament, a breakthrough in the historical understanding of the Torah. Eichhorn has been called "the founder of modern Old Testament criticism." In 1823, Eichhorn concluded that "most of the writings of the Hebrews passed through several hands." Eichhorn regarded many books of the Old Testament as fictitous and fake. Moses had had no part in writing any of it. W Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn

Jean Astruc | 1766

Jean Astruc (1684-1766) was a professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris. He wrote the first great treatise on syphilis and venereal diseases. He played a fundamental part in the origins of critical textual analysis of works of scripture. Astruc was the founding father of biblical criticism. He used the pattern of divine names YHWH and Elohim in Genesis and Exodus, to explain the contradictory Biblical accounts. Astruc suggested Moses wrote Genesis based on two different sources, the Yahwist (J) and Elohist (E) traditions, known as Documentary Hypothesis (DH). W Jean_Astruc

Campegius Vitringa | 1689

Campegius Vitringa (1659-1722) was a Dutch Protestant theologian and Hebraist. Vitringa, a follower of Johannes Cocceius, was a supporter of prophetic theology. He was educated at the universities of Franeker and Leiden, and became professor of Oriental languages in 1681. Vitringa in his work entitled "Observationes Sacrae" suggested that Moses had access to ancient sources from the patriarchal period (1813-1506 BCE). W Campegius_Vitringa

John Hampden | 1688

John Hampden was a 17th century English scholar. Hampden affirmed affirmed Richard Simon's views, that Moses could not be the author of much of the [Torah] writings attributed to him.

Richard Simon | 1678

Richard Simon (1638-1712) was a French priest, a member of the Oratorians. He was an influential biblical critic, orientalist and controversialist. Simon was influenced by the ideas of Isaac La Peyrère who came to live with the Oratorians, and by Baruch Spinoza. Unlike the arguments made by previous men, Simon was the first prominent Christian leader who denied Mosaic authorship, creating conflict between him and both Catholics and Protestants alike. Simon declared that Moses could not be the author of much of the [Torah] writings attributed to him. W Richard_Simon_(priest)

Isaac de la Peyrère | 1676

Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676) was a French theologian, Bible critic and anthropologist. La Peyrère was a lawyer by training and a Calvinist by upbringing, though he later converted to Catholicism. Peyrere wrote the "Praeadamitae" book which was banned and burned everywhere for various heretical claims, including Moses did not write the Torah, and that no accurate copy of the Bible exists. 3 W Isaac_La_Peyrère

Jean Morin | 1659

Jean Morin (1591-1659) or 'Joannes Morinus' was a French theologian and biblical scholar. He invigorated discussions with a traditional-critical thesis that doubted the integritas of the Old Testament. In Morin's view, the Hebrew text of the Old Testament was certainly not deliberately falsified, nevertheless, due to the careless work of copyists it was garbled to such an extent that it does not represent an authentic basis. 4 W Jean_Morin_(theologian)

Louis Cappel | 1658

Louis Cappel (1585-1658) was a French Protestant churchman and scholar. He studied theology at the Academy of Sedan and the Academy of Saumur, and Arabic at the University of Oxford. At the age of twenty-eight he accepted the chair of Hebrew at Saumur, and twenty years later was appointed professor of theology. Cappel's second important work, "Critica sacra", went further, and was controversial from a theological point of view. Based on the various readings in text and differences between the ancient versions and Masoretic text, the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was susceptible to change, corruption, and human interference, which amounted to an attack on the verbal inspiration of Scripture. W Louis_Cappel

Baruch Spinoza | 1656

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin. Spinoza was raised in a Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. By laying the groundwork for the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. He was considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. Spinoza's break with the prevailing dogmas of Judaism, and particularly his insistence on non-Mosaic authorship of the Torah, was not sudden; rather, he wrote of a lengthy internal struggle, "Indeed, I may add that I write nothing here that is not the fruit of lengthy reflection". Spinoza's analysis had a lasting impact on biblical criticism and laid the foundations for authorship theories to come. W Baruch_Spinoza

Thomas Hobbes | 1651

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics and general philosophy. In his major work "Leviathan", Hobbes writes, "It is therefore sufficiently evident that the five Books of Moses were written after his time, though how long after it be not so manifest" (pg. 173). Nonetheless, Hobbes still argues that Moses wrote the parts concerning the law itself. W Thomas_Hobbes

Alfonso Salmeron | 1585

Alfonso Salmeron (1515-1585) was a Spanish biblical scholar, a Catholic priest. He was one of the first Jesuits. He studied literature and philosophy at Alcalá and then philosophy and theology at the Sorbonne in Paris. The Jesuit tradition of biblical criticism starting with Alfonso Salmeron had paved the way for his approach. W Alfonso_Salmeron

Abraham Ibn Ezra | 1167

Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1167) was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was a proponent of the higher biblical criticism of the Torah as one of its earliest pioneers. Spinoza concluded that Ibn Ezra's hints about "the truth" throughout his commentary as "a clear indication it was not Moses who wrote the Torah but someone else who lived long after him, and it was a different book that Moses wrote" as sufficient evidence for Non-Mosaic authorship. Despite his affirmation of Mosaic authorship for the vast majority of the Torah, many scholars refer to Ibn Ezra as the "father of modern biblical criticism". 7 W Abraham_ibn_Ezra

In Islam, Moses received the 'Oral' Torah

Islam teaches that Moses received the Torah from God. This was an 'oral transmission' from God through the Angel Gabrial to Moses. Today, the Torah is presented in a written book format. This is a corrupted version of the original Oral Torah. The JEDP Theory (or "Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis") supports the Islamic position on Biblical corruption.

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Maurice Bucaille (d. 1998), a Muslim scholar supported Documentary Hypothesis (DH)

Maurice Bucaille (1920-1998), a French medical doctor, author, convert and scholar of Islam. Bucaille writes the Old Testament has been distorted due to the numerous translations and corrections, as it was transmitted orally. Bucaille argued for biblical criticism, including the Documentary Hypothesis (DH) and JEDP Theory.

W Maurice_Bucaille

   Bucaille on Documentary Hypothesis

Did Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) say that Satan is a “black man”? Refuting Stupid Islamophobes

 It is disconcerting to see the proliferation of idiotic arguments against Islam on the internet. To state plainly, the internet is the bane of intellectual research.

One particularly silly argument that keeps being used by morons is one that was popularized by the likes of Darth Hammer (David Wood), namely, that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was a “racist” who thought Satan was a “black man”.

Just some research would be enough to refute this idiotic claim, but sadly, most Islamophobes prefer to lazily & blindly accept any claim about Islam, as long as it goes against it. Anyway, the story that they cherry-pick is from Ibn Ishaq’s Seerah (surprise, surprise).

Even if we don’t check the authenticity of this report, when we actually read the particular section, it becomes immediately clear as to the context of the story. The person who was called “Satan” was Nabtal Ibn Al-Harith, who was described as a “study black man”.

But as we can see, the REASON he was called “Satan” was for his HYPOCRISY, not because he was a “black man” & not because he was literally Satan (i.e., Iblis). It’s like when Jesus said to Peter “Get behind me Satan!” It doesn’t mean that Satan was literally a Jewish man!

But there is more. The ignorant Islamophobes think that when the Arabs used words like “black” or “white” to describe a person, they had the same meanings as in modern English. Of course, this is idiotic.

As any scholar of the Arabic language would tell you, such words could be used even for ARABS! In other words, an Arab with a particular complexion (dark or light) could be called “black” or “white”.

For example, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had a light complexion, so in a hadith in Abu Dawud, he was called a “white (abyad) man”. That did not mean he was European or something! It just meant he was an Arab with a light complexion!

As Islamic scholar Habeeb Akande explains in his book “Illuminating the Darkness” (p. 13), even people with darker skin could be metaphorically called “white”.

In fact, in Arabic, the word to use for someone who was literally a “white” person was not “abyad” but rather “ahmar”, which meant “red” (Akande, p. 12). Clearly, we can see that this is a more complicated matter than the Islamophobes let on.

Most importantly, Nabtal Ibn Al-Harith was not a “black” (i.e., African) man, but rather an ARAB! Al-Tabari stated in his tafsir on Surah 9:61 (the verse was revealed regarding the hypocrites), that Nabtal was a member of the Banu Amr Ibn Auf, which was an Arab tribe!

Also, Ibn Hajar noted that that Nabtal may actually have REPENTED and became a Muslim! Thus, he was considered to be a “Companion” (Sahabi) of Muhammad (pbuh).
muslimscholars.info

http://muslimscholars.info/

So, not only was Nabtal an Arab with a dark complexion (hence he was called a “black man”), but the reason he was called “Satan” was b/c of his sinful deeds. He pretended to be a Muslim but would then talk behind the Prophet’s back to the idolaters, but probably repented.

Finally, to further refute the “racism” nonsense that the idiotic Islamophobes repeat ad nauseum, consider the following hadith from Sahih Muslim.

In this beautiful hadith, we see how non-Arabs like Salman (the Persian) and Bilal (the Abyssinian) were so respected that annoying them would annoy Allah (swt), even though it was Abu Bakr (ra), an Arab, who spoke to them.

Even though Abu Bakr was an Arab, he was told by the Prophet that he may have annoyed the non-Arab companions by criticizing them for talking about Abu Sufyan, chief of the (Arab) Quraysh. Abu Bakr promptly apologized & they reconciled. This is the brotherhood of Islam.

Observe the Gospel.

Assalamu Alaikum  

 

This is a quick response to Christians who often dishonestly misuse Surah 5:68 to show the Qur’an instructs them to observe or uphold by the GOSPELS they have in their possession. Firstly, it must be understood by the Christians that we Muslims believe the Torah and Gospel were revelations given to both Moses and Jesus Pbut.

 

He has sent down upon you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming what was before it. And He revealed the Torah and the Gospel (Surah 3:3) 

 

Let us first read the verse in question before we dismantle their claim. 

 

Say, "O People of the Scripture, you are [standing] on nothing until you uphold [the law of] the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from your Lord [i.e., the Qur’an]." And that which has been revealed to you from your Lord will surely increase many of them in transgression and disbelief. So do not grieve over the disbelieving people (Surah 5:68)  

Tafsir Ibn Kathir:

say:

Allah says: O Muhammad, say,

 

يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَسْتُمْ عَلَى شَيْءٍ

 

O People of the Scripture! You have nothing...,

 

meaning no real religion,

 

حَتَّىَ تُقِيمُواْ التَّوْرَاةَ وَالاِنجِيلَ وَمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكُم مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ

till you act according to the Tawrah, the Injil, and what has (now) been sent down to you from your Lord (the Qur'an)."

 

until you adhere to and implement the Tawrah and the Injil. That is, until you believe in all the Books that you have that Allah revealed to the Prophets. These Books command following Muhammad and believing in his prophecy, all the while adhering to his Law.

The Tafsir is clear Surah 5:68 is referring to the people of the scripture who have no religion and that they must adhere to the scriptures given to the Prophets which mentioned the prophecy of Prophet Muhammed Pbuh and to accept Him as the last and final Messenger. Note the verse is not speaking of the Old and New Testament. 

Let us now explain it a different way.

 

It is clear from the verse the people of the book (scripture) are being told “they stand on nothing unless they uphold, observe by the Torah, Gospel and Qur’an.” Note all three God given scriptures must be observed or upheld. Also notice the word for GOSPEL in Arabic is إِنجيل INJEEL singular not أناجيل ANAJEEL GOSPELS plural. 

 

Question is, if Surah 5:68 is instructing Christians to observe their Gospels how about the Torah and Qur’an? The verse starts with the Torah and ends with the Qur’an, why miss out those two crucial scriptures also mentioned?  

 

Let us go back a few verses and read from context. 

 

And if only the People of the Scripture had believed and feared Allah, We would have removed from them their misdeeds and admitted them to Gardens of Pleasure.   

And if only they had upheld [the law of] the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to them from their Lord [i.e., the Qur’an], they would have consumed [provision] from above them and from beneath their feet. Among them are a moderate [i.e., acceptable] community, but many of them – evil is that which they do. (Surah 5:65-66) 

 

Notice from the immediate context the Qur’an is informing us the people of the scripture did not uphold the Torah, Gospel and Qur’an and had they upheld them then God Almighty would have provided them all sorts of provisions.  

 

Now coming to verse 68. What must they observe from the Gospel that God Almighty is instructing them?

Let' us find out from the Qur’an.

 

They have certainly disbelieved who say, "Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary" while the Messiah has said, "O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." Indeed, he who associates others with Allah – Allah has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire. And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. (Surah 5:72) 

 

Here is read the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary instructed this people to observe Allah Swt is the one and only true God worthy of worship and not to associate any partners with him. This includes calling Jesus the son or God. 

 

[Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. (Surah 19:30) 

 

Here we read Jesus the son of Mary is informing his people to observe he is a servant and Prophet of Allah Swt. 

 

Never would the Messiah disdain to be a servant of Allah, nor would the angels near [to Him]. And whoever disdains His worship and is arrogant – He will gather them to Himself all together (Surah 4:172) 

 

Here the Christians should observe the Messiah would never disdain to be the servant of God. 

 

 And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, "O Children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad." But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, "This is obvious magic." (Surah 61:6) 

 

Here we read Jesus the son of Mary informing this people, giving them the good news of a Messenger to come after him whose name will be AHMED. Can Christians please verify they are observing the teachings and saying of Jesus son of Mary from the Qur’an. As mentioned, the Torah and Gospel were revelations given by Allah Swt to the Prophet Moses and Jesus Pbut. If you truly believe the Qur’an is telling you to observe the Gospel, then this is the best time for you to become a Muslim.